2.
   2024
/  

[   (1469-1799 .)]
: 3     :100
:    -    ,        
             
-
1.             
?
2.             
 
-
3. 
       ?        

4.               
   ?
-
2.
5.               
    
6.             
   ?
-
7. 1716  1747            
 
8. 
             

2.
   2024
/  

[   (1469-1799 .)]
: 3     :100
:    -    ,        
             
-
1.             
?
:-
                
()   ()   ,    "   "   
  
 -          , ,
,        ,  , 
  ,   ,          
         
     '

          ,    
     
1.      
   -    ,         
  -        
 
2.
               

  
, , , , ,     
    
 ,  ,     -  
          ,    
   
2.   ( )
          ,        
 :





 
      ,      
  
       '  
         
    , ,       

      ,        
 
              
3.   
       (-)   ,   
 
 
     ,     
    "  "   
   ,       
2.
       ,  -  
  
          ,  
   
4.   (- )
  -     ,      
 
        ,   -  
   
 
         
     '         
  ,       
5.    
       -   ,  ,   
   
 
         

'         
       
      ,      
 
6.    
      ,         
    
 
         
     ,       
2.
,        -

  ,          
7.    
  ',   ,       ,    
  
 
  ,         
       ,      
             
          ' - 
8.     ' 
       ,      


        
    ,   -   
          ,   
        ,   ,    
 '  
9.    
     ,       

            
            
1947   ,        '     

2.
,             

         
   
    ,       ,  
  ,            
       , ,   
        ,       

 -         
2.             
 
:       
             ,  
   -  , ,        
     ,      - ,    
          '      :   
  ,        
󷇮󷇭   
?
  ,               
,   ,         
, , 
        ,  
  
       ,    
 
             
    
         ,   
              
          :
-- (  ):       
    ,        
2.
   --:     ,  
  ,     
--  :       -
,           

      : 14
    
     "   "  
 ,           
󷙣󷙤󷙥 :   
      ,           , 
        
   
 
      -      ,  ,
   
     :
 (   ):       
          "  "

,    15
-16
        
    
   :    ,    
          
     
      : ,      
      
          : " 
" 
,          

 ,          
           
󹶓󹶔󹶕󹶖󹶗󹶘     

 
 

, , 
, , 

, , 
, , , 

--, --,
--
,    ,
 

,    
    

   
     
2.
  ,      :       ,   
   
󽆪󽆫󽆬  
  
   
   
         

,       -      ,    
         
 ,  
   ,  
      
      -         

        
             ,  
      
󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼
 ,  
          , 

               
     ,     ,   
            
   
-
3. 
       ?        

:      : ,   
-
               
    
          
             
               -
   ,           
     
  ,               
               
2.
      ,     '   
    , ,       
 
 ,             

 
2.
   
   ,    (1552–1574)        
,                 
,    ,          
   
,            '     
   
          
  ,           
      ,      
""  
2.
""         
   ',    
  
        
    
              - 
       
  
      22   
        
        (  )    
      ,    , 
   ()   
              
               , 
           ' 
   
      :
          
       
        
   -  '  
   
    
:
         
       - ,      
   ,    
      

 ,             
  
 
2.
   
                 
    -     ,     
      
        :
     
  ()   
      
2.
    ,      
""  
""       ,         
          
  
-       
   (  -        )
 
          
      
 ,               
   
:
       
        
       
         
     
  ,              
,  ,            
  
   ,             
17
           :
         
       
      ,     
      
   -    :
2.
   '     ' 
     ' 
  ,     ,     '  
 
      
  -   -
    
    
       
 :
        
    
,     
        
  
            
; 
 ,       

               
      ,    , 
              
    '  ,        
            ,
           
 
4.               
   ?
:󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼     :   
1.   : 17
  
2.
    
  ,   ,     
        17
      
            '  
 ( ,    )  ,   
      
      -    
    ,       
  
   ,              
   ,      
2.     ?
  (1621–1675)       ,    
            :
  
   
              
      
;           
   
3. :     
                
              :
       
  ,               
:      ,     ,   
     
              
 -
      
4.   
          :
     ,    ,     

2.
    ,           


                 
       
 -       
       
5.   
            
       :   ,   ,   
         :
               
            
               - 
 ,  ,   -       
 
          
6. 
 , 11 , 1675 ,             
     '     '     
       
 -      :    
        

7.    
       :
  :           
   ,     
     :     ,     
        ,      
   
   :          
     ,    -     
  :   ,        
           

 ,    
 -         
2.
8.        
󷇮󷇭  
      
         ,
 
               
               


󽀰󽀱󽀲󽀳󽀷󽀸󽀴󽀹󽀵󽀶   
           ,    
1699         -      -
   
󹼯󹼰󹼱󹼳󹼲 
              
               
󷩡󷩟󷩠 
 ,                 
,       ,      
 
1. :    +    
2. :      ,       
3. :  ,  ,  ,   
 
     ,  
     

󽆪󽆫󽆬
         
 -      
                
         
       , 
           
2.
-
5.               
    
:             
-
              
       
   ,     
               
  ,    1699         , 
     ,    ,      
,     '         
             ,  
  ,            , 
 -     
 :   
?
    ,   17
       
'     ,       
      ,   ,    -
 '   
               

     ,      -    
               
  
    ,          
 
      , ,     
 ,      - -   
 1699   
2.
      ' 1699     '      
       ,         
     
  
                 
 : "        ?"
       ,            
   ,             
   ,        ,    
  
 
  ,              
      -      ,      
    
     
                   
         ( )     
   
         ""    , 
   ,      ,       
           ,      
 
 ,   ()   '  
 :   
      
    ,    
 :
1.  (  )-     
2.  (  )-   
3.  (  )-    
2.
4.  ( )- -  
5.  ()-        
   
         
 
     
         '   :
    
    ,       
     
    
,      
                -  
     
     
1.      
        '       
             
2.      
-       ,         '
        
3.     
                
         
4.     
             
           
5.     
2.
      ,        
        
6.     
          ,   - 
    
     
1708     ,             
   ,             , 
         

           
 -   
     ,          
   ,      ,        ,
         
6.             
   ?
:1.     ?
   (1670–1716)           ,  
       ,        
                
:              
       
 -         
  ,        ,      
    
2.    
1708          ,       
         :
2.
   (1709):      '   ,    '
             -
   -     
   (1710):          '   
 ,               
       ,        
 
   :        
  
 ,   ,    '     ,  
    
            
 -   
  
3.  :  
   1707    ,         
            '    
  
 1:   
            
       '       
         
 2:    (1710–1711)
      ,       
              
            ,   
     
 3:  
 ,      ,        '
 
          -     
        
 4:      (1715-1716)
               
     ,    
2.
      ,      1715  
 
4.     
                :
   '   ,   ,     
 
  :          
-   , -   ,        
        
   (1716):           
            , 
      -    -    
 
      ,           

5.    
           :
  :   ,      
       
     :      ,   
   
            
   
 :          
             
 :        
,   ,          
 
     :     ,     
  
    ,    ,  
        
6.      
   
 -       
  :   ,         

2.
 :           
  
   :          
  
 : ,       ,   

        ,     

7.     - 
        :
1. :    , ,     
2. : , ,   
3.   :   ,   ,    
󽆪󽆫󽆬
     ,          
           ,     
         
-
7. 1716  1747            
 
:1716  1747              
        ,         ,
               

 -   , ,           
        ,  18
    ,
     '    
     ,     ,    
 --   
   (1716  )
2.
    1675       1708      
             ,    -
           
      ,      ,   
              '   
 
    ,        
      
, 1716 ,              
           ,      
     
  (1716–1726):   
1716  ,            
  
 -  
  '      
        '     
            ,    
                , 
    ,         
 ,       ,   
     ,  
  ,        
  (1726-1739):     
1726 ,                
'   '  
          
            

 
2.
  ,           ,   
 
   
   ()    '  
            
1733   -   
 ,      ,      :
     
      
         ,      
  
        ,         
    
  (1739–1745):       
1739 ,               
     
  
      '        
        
                
   
  (1745-1747):   ( )
                

  (1746)
           
 7,000    
2.
 3,000          
            ,   
    
1747 ,    :
   
  (  )    
          
  
 
          
 :
1.       
2.   
   
3.  -  -- 
4.  -      
5.        
   
   
     '    :
       
    

           
            

1716  1747           ,  
             ,    
      ,       , 
     
1747 ,        ,      
  '                
2.
,     
 ,        
  

8. 
             

:
        
 

    " "    ,  
  
       1700       :  
,   -    ,       
 ,                -
            ,     ,
  ,  -   '      
  
              
  ,             
        ,    ,  
 ,       -         
               
     
1.  :     
          ,   
(
, )     ,   -    - 
  
   (   )    
,       '       
  
    '        
     
             , 
            
2.   :   
             ,   
     ,        '  
 
2.
  (1793):       ,  
            
    '  
 :    ',  ()    
  ,      
 :   ,   () '    
 
  
            -
     ,         , 
 ,      
3.  :     
       
              
        
         ,     
     ,    ,    

         (    

) '   ,     ,     
        ,        - 

       
4.   :    
         
,    -, ,     '  

    ,        
    ,            
      ,      '
,      '   
          ,     
   
5. :   
       
2.
       ,      
      
        ,      
     '   
      ,      
    :  '     ,    
,   '           '   
6.  :   

       
      , ,      '
  
          ,   
             
    '     
,      
      
               

7.   :  
      
 -       
       ,     
             
            '   

     
       

8.    
 ,         
 -    
   
            
    
   ""     ,  
       
2.
         ,   
  
  :  
 ,  
     '  ,  
    
             :
    
           
     
         
    
        
         
     
  ,           ,  ,
 -         ,    '
   ,       
 
  
            
  
      
         ,
     
    ,   
     
"              
 
       ,       
 "